CDIO Standards 2.1

Note: The CDIO Standard 2.1 has updated rubrics for self-evaluation, read the full article Updated Rubrics for Self-Evaluation (v 2.1) and the Self-evaluation form based on the updated rubrics in CDIO Standards 2.1

STANDARD 1: The Context*

STANDARD 2: Learning Outcomes*

STANDARD 3: Integrated Curriculum*

STANDARD 4: Introduction to Engineering

STANDARD 5: Design-Implement Experiences*

STANDARD 6: Engineering Workspaces

STANDARD 7: Integrated Learning Experiences*

STANDARD 8: Active Learning

STANDARD 9: Enhancement of Faculty Competence*

STANDARD 10: Enhancement of Faculty Teaching Competence

STANDARD 11: Learning Assessment*

STANDARD 12: Program Evaluation

The CDIO Standards 2.1

Standard 1 — The Context*

Adoption of the principle that product, process, and system lifecycle development and deployment -- Conceiving, Designing, Implementing and Operating -- are the context for engineering education

Description

A CDIO program is based on the principle that product, process, and system lifecycle development and deployment are the appropriate context for engineering education.  Conceiving--Designing--Implementing--Operating is a model of the entire product, process, and system lifecycle. The Conceive stage includes defining customer needs; considering technology, enterprise strategy, and regulations; and, developing conceptual, technical, and business plans.  The Design stage focuses on creating the design, that is, the plans, drawings, and algorithms that describe what will be implemented.  The Implement stage refers to the transformation of the design into the product, process, or system, including manufacturing, coding, testing and validation.  The final stage, Operate, uses the implemented product or process to deliver the intended value, including maintaining, evolving and retiring the system.

The product, process, and system lifecycle is considered the context for engineering education in that it is part of the cultural framework, or environment, in which technical knowledge and other skills are taught, practiced and learned.  The principle is adopted by a program when there is explicit agreement of faculty to transition to a CDIO program, and support from program leaders to sustain reform initiatives.

Rationale

Beginning engineers should be able to Conceive--Design--Implement--Operate complex value-added engineering products, processes, and systems in modern team-based environments.  They should be able to participate in engineering processes, contribute to the development of engineering products, and do so while working to professional standards in any organization.  This is the essence of the engineering profession.

Rubric

Scale	Criteria
5	Evaluation groups where all relevant stakeholders are represented endorse CDIO as the context of the engineering program and use this principle as a guide for continuous improvement.
4	There is documented evidence that the CDIO principle is the context of the engineering program and is implemented in all years of the program.
3	CDIO is implemented in one or more years of the program.
2	There is an explicit plan to transition to a CDIO context for the engineering program.
1	There is a willingness to adopt to a CDIO context for the engineering program.
0	There is no plan to adopt the principle that CDIO is the context of engineering education for the program.

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Standard 2 — Learning Outcomes*

Description

The knowledge, skills, and attitudes intended as a result of engineering education, that is, the learning outcomes, are codified in the CDIO Syllabus.  These learning outcomes detail what students should know and be able to do at the conclusion of their engineering programs. In addition to learning outcomes for technical disciplinary knowledge (Section 1), the CDIO Syllabus specifies learning outcomes as personal and interpersonal skills, and product, process, and system building. Personal learning outcomes (Section 2) focus on individual students' cognitive and affective development, for example, engineering reasoning and problem solving, experimentation and knowledge discovery, system thinking, creative thinking, critical thinking, and professional ethics. Interpersonal learning outcomes (Section 3) focus on individual and group interactions, such as, teamwork, leadership, communication, and communication in foreign languages. Product, process, and system building skills (Section 4) focus on conceiving, designing, implementing, and operating systems in enterprise, business, and societal contexts.

Learning outcomes are reviewed and validated by key stakeholders, that is, groups who share an interest in the graduates of engineering programs, for consistency with program goals and relevance to engineering practice. Programs are encouraged to customize the CDIO Syllabus to their respective programs. In addition, stakeholders help to determine the expected level of proficiency, or standard of achievement, for each learning outcome.

Rationale

Setting specific learning outcomes helps to ensure that students acquire the appropriate foundation for their future. Professional engineering organizations and industry representativesidentified key attributes of beginning engineers both in technical and professional areas. Moreover, many evaluation and accreditation bodies expect engineering programs to identify program outcomes in terms of their graduates' knowledge, skills, and attitudes.

Rubric

Scale	Criteria
5	Internal and external groups regularly review and revise program learning outcomes and/or program goals based on changes in stakeholder needs.
4	Program learning outcomes are aligned with institutional vision and mission, and levels of proficiency are set for each outcome.
3	Course and/or program learning outcomes are validated with key program stakeholders, including faculty, students, alumni, and industry representatives and levels of proficiency are set for each outcome.
2	A plan to incorporate explicit statements of learning outcomes at course/module level as well as program outcomes is accepted by program leaders, engineering faculty, and other stakeholders.
1	The need to create or modify learning outcomes at course/module level and program outcomes are recognized and such a process has been initiated.
0	There are no explicit program learning outcomes at course/module level nor program outcomes that cover knowledge, personal and interpersonal skills, and product, process and system building skills.

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Standard 3 — Integrated Curriculum*

Description

An integrated curriculum includes learning experiences that lead to the acquisition of personal and interpersonal skills, and product, process, and system building skills (Standard 2), interwoven with the learning of disciplinary knowledge and its application in professional engineering.  Disciplinary courses are mutually supporting when they make explicit connections among related and supporting content and learning outcomes.  An explicit plan identifies ways in which the integration of skills and multidisciplinary connections are to be made, for example, by mapping the specified learning outcomes to courses and co-curricular activities that make up the curriculum.

Rationale

The teaching of personal, interpersonal, and professional skills, and product, process, and system building skills should not be considered an addition to an already full curriculum, but an integral part of it.  To reach the intended learning outcomes in disciplinary knowledge and skills, the curriculum and learning experiences have to make dual use of available time.  Faculty play an active role in designing the integrated curriculum by suggesting appropriate disciplinary linkages, as well as opportunities to address specific skills in their respective teaching areas.

Rubric

Scale	Criteria
5	Internal and external stakeholders regularly review the integrated curriculum and make recommendations and adjustments as needed.
4	There is evidence that the students have achieved the intended learning outcomes concerning personal, interpersonal, product, process, and system building skills.
3	The approved integrated curriculum concerning personal, interpersonal, product, process, and system building skills is in use..
2	The curriculum that integrates learning outcomes of personal, interpersonal, product, process, and system building skills is approved and a process has been initiated to implement the curriculum.
1	The need to analyze the curriculum is recognized and initial mapping of disciplinary and skills learning outcomes is underway.
0	The curriculum has no courses known to integrate learning outcomes of personal, interpersonal, product, process, and system building skills.

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Standard 4 — Introduction to Engineering

Description

The introductory course, usually one of the first required courses in a program, provides a framework for the practice of engineering.  This framework is a broad outline of the tasks and responsibilities of an engineer, and the use of disciplinary knowledge in executing those tasks.  Students engage in the practice of engineering through problem solving and simple design exercises, individually and in teams. The course also includes personal and interpersonal skills knowledge, skills, and attitudes that are essential at the start of a program to prepare students for more advanced product, process, and system building experiences. For example, students can participate in small team exercises to prepare them for larger development teams.

Rationale

Introductory courses aim to stimulate students' interest in, and strengthen their motivation for, the field of engineering by focusing on the application of relevant core engineering disciplines.  Students usually select engineering programs because they want to build things, and introductory courses can capitalize on this interest. In addition, introductory courses provide an early start to the development of the essential skills described in the CDIO Syllabus.

Rubric

Scale	Criteria
5	The introductory course is regularly evaluated and revised as needed, based on feedback from students, instructors, and other stakeholders.
4	There is documented evidence that students have achieved the intended learning outcomes of the introductory engineering course.
3	An introductory course that includes engineering learning experiences and introduces essential personal and interpersonal skills has been implemented.
2	A plan for an introductory engineering course introducing a framework for practice has been approved and a process to implement the plan has been initiated.
1	The need for an introductory course that provides the framework for engineering practice is recognized and a planning process initiated.
0	There is no introductory engineering course that provides a framework for practice and introduces key skills.

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Standard 5 — Design-Implement Experiences*

Description

The term design-implement experience denotes a range of engineering activities central to the process of developing new products and systems.  Included are all of the activities described in Standard One at the Design and Implement stages, plus appropriate aspects of conceptual design from the Conceive stage. Students develop product, process, and system building skills, as well as the ability to apply engineering science, in design-implement experiences integrated into the curriculum.  Design-implement experiences are considered basic or advanced in terms of their scope, complexity, and sequence in the program. For example, simpler products and systems are included earlier in the program, while more complex design-implement experiences appear in later courses designed to help students integrate knowledge and skills acquired in preceding courses and learning activities.  Opportunities to conceive, design, implement, and operate products, processes, and systems may also be included in required co-curricular activities, for example, undergraduate research projects and internships.

Rationale

Design-implement experiences are structured and sequenced to promote early success in engineering practice. Iteration of design-implement experiences and increasing levels of design complexity reinforce students' understanding of the product, process, and system development process. Design-implement experiences also provide a solid foundation upon which to build deeper conceptual understanding of disciplinary skills. The emphasis on building products and implementing processes in real-world contexts gives students opportunities to make connections between the technical content they are learning and their professional and career interests.

Rubric

Scale	Criteria
5	The design-implement experiences are regularly evaluated and revised, based on feedback from students, instructors, and other stakeholders.
4	There is documented evidence that students have achieved the intended learning outcomes of the design-implement experiences.
3	At least two design-implement experiences of increasing complexity are being implemented.
2	There is a plan to develop a design-implement experience at a basic and advanced level.
1	A needs analysis has been conducted to identify opportunities to include design-implement experiences in the curriculum.
0	There are no design-implement experiences in the engineering program.

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Standard 6 — Engineering Workspaces

Engineering workspaces and laboratories that support and encourage hands-on learning of product, process, and system building, disciplinary knowledge, and social learning

Description

The physical learning environment includes traditional learning spaces, for example, classrooms, lecture halls, and seminar rooms, as well as engineering workspaces and laboratories.  Workspaces and laboratories support the learning of product, process, and system building skills concurrently with disciplinary knowledge.  They emphasize hands-on learning in which students are directly engaged in their own learning, and provide opportunities for social learning, that is, settings where students can learn from each other and interact with several groups. The creation of new workspaces, or remodeling of existing laboratories, will vary with the size of the program and resources of the institution.

Rationale

Workspaces and other learning environments that support hands-on learning are fundamental resources for learning to design, implement, and operate products, processes, and systems. Students who have access to modern engineering tools, software, and laboratories have opportunities to develop the knowledge, skills, and attitudes that support product, process, and system building competencies.  These competencies are best developed in workspaces that are student-centered, user-friendly, accessible, and interactive.

Rubric

Scale	Criteria
5	The program leaders, students, teachers and external stakeholders regurlarly evaluate the functionality and purposefulness of workspaces on learning and provide recommendations for improving them.
4	Engineering workspaces fully support all components of hands-on, knowledge, and skills learning.
3	Development plans of engineering workplaces are being implemented and some new or remodelled spaces are in use.
2	Workspaces, their functionality and purposefulness for teaching are being evaluated by internal groups including stakeholders.
1	The need for engineering workspaces to support hands-on, knowledge, and skills activities is recognized and a process to address the need has been initiated.
0	Engineering workspaces are inadequate or inappropriate to support and encourage hands-on skills, knowledge, and social learning.

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Standard 7 — Integrated Learning Experiences*

Description

Integrated learning experiences are pedagogical approaches that foster the learning of disciplinary knowledge simultaneously with personal and interpersonal skills, and product, process, and system building skills.  They incorporate professional engineering issues in contexts where they coexist with disciplinary issues. For example, students might consider the analysis of a product, the design of the product, and the social responsibility of the designer of the product, all in one exercise.  Industrial partners, alumni, and other key stakeholders are often helpful in providing examples of such exercises.

Rationale

The curriculum design and learning outcomes, prescribed in Standards 2 and 3 respectively, can be realized only if there are corresponding pedagogical approaches that make dual use of student learning time. Furthermore, it is important that students recognize engineering faculty as role models of professional engineers, instructing them in disciplinary knowledge, personal and interpersonal skills, and product, process, and system building skills. With integrated learning experiences, faculty can be more effective in helping students apply disciplinary knowledge to engineering practice and better prepare them to meet the demands of the engineering profession.

Rubric

Scale	Criteria
5	Courses are regularly evaluated and revised regarding their integration of learning experiences and the impact of these experiences.
4	There is evidence of the impact of the implementation of integrated learning experiences according to the integrated curriculum plan.
3	Integrated learning experiences are being implemented in courses across the curriculum according to the integrated curriculum plan.
2	Course plans with learning outcomes and activities that integrate personal and interpersonal skills with disciplinary knowledge has been approved.
1	Course plans have been benchmarked with respect to the integrated curriculum plan.
0	There is no evidence of integrated learning of disciplines and skills.

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Standard 8 — Active Learning

Description

Active learning methods engage students directly in thinking and problem solving activities.  There is less emphasis on passive transmission of information, and more on engaging students in manipulating, applying, analyzing, and evaluating ideas. Active learning in lecture-based courses can include such methods as partner and small-group discussions, demonstrations, debates, concept questions, and feedback from students about what they are learning. Active learning is considered experiential when students take on roles that simulate professional engineering practice, for example, design-implement projects, simulations, and case studies.

Rationale

By engaging students in thinking about concepts, particularly new ideas, and requiring them to make an overt response, students not only learn more, they recognize for themselves what and how they learn.  This process helps to increase students' motivation to achieve program learning outcomes and form habits of lifelong learning.  With active learning methods, instructors can help students make connections among key concepts and facilitate the application of this knowledge to new settings.

Rubric

Scale	Criteria
5	Internal and/or external groups regularly review active learning activities on outcome based learning across the curricula and make recommendations for continuous improvement.
4	There is documented evidence that active learning has been implemented suitably all across the curriculum.
3	Active learning methods are being implemented across the curriculum.
2	There is a plan and process to include active learning methods in courses across the curriculum.
1	There is an awareness of the benefits of active learning and it is encouraged to introduce it across the curricula.
0	There is no evidence of active experiential learning methods.

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Standard 9 — Enhancement of Faculty Competence*

Actions that enhance faculty competence in personal and interpersonal skills, and product, process, and system building skills

Description

CDIO programs provide support for the collective engineering faculty to improve its competence in the personal and interpersonal skills, and product, process, and system building skills described in Standard 2.  These skills are developed best in contexts of professional engineering practice. The nature and scope of faculty development vary with the resources and intentions of different programs and institutions. Examples of actions that enhance faculty competence include: professional leave to work in industry, partnerships with industry colleagues in research and education projects, inclusion of engineering practice as a criterion for hiring and promotion, and appropriate professional development experiences at the university.

Rationale

If engineering faculty are expected to teach a curriculum of personal and interpersonal skills, and product, process, and system building skills integrated with disciplinary knowledge, as described in Standards 3, 4, 5, and 7, they as a group need to be competent in those skills. Engineering professors tend to be experts in the research and knowledge base of their respective disciplines, with only limited experience in the practice of engineering in business and industrial settings.  Moreover, the rapid pace of technological innovation requires continuous updating of engineering skills. The collective faculty needs to enhance its engineering knowledge and skills so that it can provide relevant examples to students and also serve as individual role models of contemporary engineers.

Rubric

Scale	Criteria
5	Faculty competence in personal, interpersonal, product, process, and system building skills is regularly evaluated and updated where appropriate.
4	There is evidence that the collective faculty is competent in personal, interpersonal, product, process, and system building skills.
3	Where needed, the faculty participates in faculty development in personal, interpersonal, product, process, and system building skills.
2	Where needed, there is a systematic plan of faculty development in personal, interpersonal, product, process, and system building skills.
1	The need of faculty competence development plan in personal, interpersonal, product, process, and system building skills is recognized.
0	There are no programs or practices to enhance faculty competence in personal, interpersonal, product, process, and system building skills.

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Standard 10 — Enhancement of Faculty Teaching Competence

Actions that enhance faculty competence in providing integrated learning experiences, in using active experiential learning methods, and in assessing student learning

Description

A CDIO program provides support for faculty to improve their competence in integrated learning experiences (Standard 7), active and experiential learning (Standard 8), and assessing student learning (Standard 11). The nature and scope of faculty development practices will vary with programs and institutions.  Examples of actions that enhance faculty competence include: support for faculty participation in university and external faculty development programs, forums for sharing ideas and best practices, and emphasis in performance reviews and hiring on effective teaching methods.

Rationale

If faculty members are expected to teach and assess in new ways, as described in Standards 7, 8, and 11, they need opportunities to develop and improve these competencies.  Many universities have faculty development programs and services that might be eager to collaborate with faculty in CDIO programs.  In addition, if CDIO programs want to emphasize the importance of teaching, learning, and assessment, they must commit adequate resources for faculty development in these areas.

Rubric

Scale	Criteria
5	Faculty competence in teaching, learning, and assessment methods is regularly evaluated and updated where appropriate.
4	There is evidence that the faculty is collective working on their competences in teaching, learning, and assessment methods.
3	Faculty members participate continously in faculty development in teaching, learning, and assessment methods.
2	A systematic plan of faculty development in teaching, learning, and assessment methods is developed and budgeted.
1	A need for enhancing teaching competences is recognized and accepted within the team.
0	There are no programs or practices to enhance faculty teaching competence.

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Standard 11 — Learning Assessment*

Assessment of student learning in personal and interpersonal skills, and product, process, and system building skills, as well as in disciplinary knowledge

Description

Assessment of student learning is the measure of the extent to which each student achieves specified learning outcomes. Instructors usually conduct this assessment within their respective courses. Effective learning assessment uses a variety of methods matched appropriately to learning outcomes that address disciplinary knowledge, as well as personal and interpersonal skills, and product, process, and system building skills, as described in Standard 2.  These methods may include written and oral tests, observations of student performance, rating scales, student reflections, journals, portfolios, and peer and self-assessment.

Rationale

If we value personal and interpersonal skills, and product, process, and system building skills, and incorporate them into curriculum and learning experiences, then we must have effective assessment processes for measuring them.  Different categories of learning outcomes require different assessment methods.  For example, learning outcomes related to disciplinary knowledge may be assessed with oral and written tests, while those related to design-implement skills may be better measured with recorded observations.  Using a variety of assessment methods accommodates a broader range of learning styles, and increases the reliability and validity of the assessment data. As a result, determinations of students' achievement of the intended learning outcomes can be made with greater confidence.

Rubric

Scale	Criteria
5	Internal and external groups regularly review the use of learning assessment methods and make recommendations for continuous improvement.
4	There are evidence of aligned learning assessment methods.
3	Learning assessment methods are aligned with the learning goals across the curriculum.
2	There is a plan to align learning assessment methods with the curriculum.
1	The need for the improvement of learning assessment methods is recognized.
0	Learning assessment methods are inadequate, inappropriate or not aligned.

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Standard 12 — Program Evaluation

A system that evaluates programs against these twelve standards, and provides feedback to students, faculty, and other stakeholders for the purposes of continuous improvement

Description

Program evaluation is a judgment of the overall value of a program based on evidence of a program's progress toward attaining its goals.  A CDIO program should be evaluated relative to these 12 CDIO Standards. Evidence of overall program value can be collected with course evaluations, instructor reflections, entry and exit interviews, reports of external reviewers, and follow-up studies with graduates and employers.  The evidence can be regularly reported back to instructors, students, program administrators, alumni, and other key stakeholders.  This feedback forms the basis of decisions about the program and its plans for continuous improvement.

Rationale

A key function of program evaluation is to determine the program's effectiveness and efficiency in reaching its intended goals.  Evidence collected during the program evaluation process also serves as the basis of continuous program improvement. For example, if in an exit interview, a majority of students reported that they were not able to meet some specific learning outcome, a plan could be initiated to identify root causes and implement changes.  Moreover, many external evaluators and accreditation bodies require regular and consistent program evaluation.

Rubric

Scale	Criteria
5	There is documented evidence that systematic and continuous improvement is based on continuous program evaluation results.
4	There is documented evidence that program evaluation methods are being used with key stakeholders including students, faculty, program leaders, alumni and working life representatives.
3	Program evaluation methods are being implemented across the program to gather data from majority of including the stakeholders (such as students, faculty, program leaders, alumni, working life representatives).
2	A continuous program evaluation plan exists.
1	The need for program evaluation is recognized and benchmarking of evaluation methods is in process.
0	Program evaluation is non-existing.

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